Politics Giveth, Politics Taketh -- How Gingrich and Lott Teamed Up To Knock Out McCains Bill


Politics Giveth, Politics Taketh -- How Gingrich and Lott Teamed Up To Knock Out McCain's Bill

Gary Black (212)
Jon Rooney (212)

April 21,1998

HIGHLIGHTS

1. Speaker Gingrich's comments that Senator McCain's tobacco bill was too liberal, too big government, and too bureaucratic, combined with Senate Majority Leader Lott's lukewarm comments yesterday ("As I travel around the state, nobody asks about [tobacco]"} effectively eliminates any chance of the McCain tax bill passing. In its place, we expect the House to propose, and the Senate to endorse, a combination youth drug/tobacco bill that raises excise taxes by $.60-$.75/pack over 10 years.

2. Gingrich's plan to fold tobacco into comprehensive legislation to combat teen drug use could relegate tobacco to a minor role. While still work-in-process, our sources within the House suggest that the tobacco bill could include:
  • Excise tax half the size of the McCain bill ($.60-$.75/pack over ten years); vs. McCain's bill which includes an effective $1.43/pack tax increase for base payments, and an additional $.37/pack tax increase for lookback penalties.
  • Narrowly-tailored advertising restrictions that can survive a 1st Amendment challenge (billboards and POS near schools)
  • Tough retail access restrictions (no self-service, all retailers licensed, stiff fines on retailers caught selling to minors)
  • Limited FDA jurisdiction (we expect Congress to allow FTC to retain control over tobacco advertising)
  • No liability protections other than settlement of state A.G. suits (no $6.5 billion liability cap; of no value to industry anyway)
  • Strong disincentives for teens caught buying cigarettes or drugs (strict fines, delay in being issued drivers' licenses)

    3. The Administration appears to have underestimated the political firepower of the diverse groups that joined forces over the past week to kill McCain's tobacco bill -- the ACLU, National Association of Convenience Stores, the Beer Institute, farmers, Food Distributors International, U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Americans for Tax Reform, National Restaurant Association.

    4. To detonate the escalating rhetoric from the White House, we expect the industry to voluntarily withdraw advertising that can be construed as marketing to youths. The industry will move away from talking about bankruptcy risks (which, ironically, only investors believed) and focus discussion on issues dear to Republicans -- that bigger taxes, bigger government, and bigger payoffs for lawyers are bad . Industry's two most potent weapons: a) Evidence showing that higher prices have little impact on teen smoking rates; and b) Parents perceive that teen drug use (which has also escalated since Clinton took office) is a far bigger threat.

    5. Senator McCain again appeared to attribute his last-minute decision to strike the liability provisions from the Senate Commerce tobacco bill, to Newt Gingrich's now infamous comment, quoted in the Washington Post, that Gingrich would "not let Clinton get to the left of him on tobacco." We continue to believe that McCain, who like Gingrich, is seeking the Republican nomination for President in 2000, wanted to ensure that candidate McCain, too, would be positioned as being to the left of Clinton on tobacco.

    6. Key events:
  • Tuesday, 4/21 - Clinton and his senior advisers will meet with McCain on the proposed tobacco legislation
  • Tuesday, 4/21 - 39,000 Minnesota documents likely to be released by Rep. Bliley (House Commerce Committee)
  • Thursday, 4/23 - RJR's Steven Goldstone will address investors at RJR's annual investor relations meeting
  • Early-May - Preliminary draft of House tobacco bill likely to be unveiled
  • Early-May - Likely settlement in Minnesota Medicaid case ($4 - $5 billion).
  • May 29- Unofficial deadline for tobacco legislation to be passed in the Senate.
  • July 3 - Unofficial deadline for tobacco legislation to be passed in the House
  • October 9 - Congress officially adjourns..

    INVESTMENT CONCLUSIONS

    We reiterate outperform ratings on Philip Morris, RJR, and UST. We expect relative valuations to stabilize as tobacco legislation is merged into a comprehensive program to reduce teenage drug use, which will relegate tobacco to a minor role, and as investors realize that current valuations are already discounting domestic tobacco bankruptcies. :We continue to believe that the industry could settle with most or all of 50 states at some fraction of the $516 billion cost in the McCain bill, and agree voluntarily to a series of youth anti-smoking provisions that eliminates the need for national legislation. Biggest risks: Continuing DOJ investigation into criminal fraud, Minnesota documents, multi-billion dollar Minnesota verdict. We believe that there will be a settlement in the Minnesota Medicaid case for $4-$5 billion, and be viewed as a modest positive, particularly for RJR, which has the most precarious financial position if there is a multi-billion dollar verdict. Tobacco valuations remain at all-time low relative multiples -- Philip Morris 50% relative, RJR at 40% relative, and UST at 48% relative, despite near- and long-term earnings growth that should exceed earnings growth of the S&P 500. Our price targets: MO $60 (75% relative), RN $40 (.65 NA = $32, 0.8 RI x 15 P/E x $.75 EPS = $8), UST $40 (70% relative).

    ADDITIONAL DETAILS

    1. Republicans move back to the right on tobacco. We believe that House Speaker Gingrich's unflattering comments toward Senator McCain's tobacco bill over the weekend ("That bill is a very liberal, big government, big bureaucracy bill ...Those people that say that's not a Republican bill, they're right."), and Senate Majority Leader Lott's lukewarm responses to questions about prospects for tobacco legislation yesterday have killed any chance that the McCain bill will be passed by the House or Senate:

    Q: Are you confident you will pass a tobacco bill this year?

    Lott: I don't think we know yet. It takes a lot of effort by the Senate and the House.

    Later, in response to another question about prospects for tobacco legislation, Lott offered this telling dialogue:

    Lott: You know, I'm from a state that obviously has been involved in all this tobacco settlement issue. But as I travel around the state, nobody asks about that.

    Q: Nobody asks?

    Lott: Naw! The people are concerned about safety in their schools, safety in their homes; they're concerned about drugs and crimes -- crime in their district. They're concerned about the deteriorating quality of education, they're concerned about taxes -- this is the type of thing that they really do ask about. I'm not saying -- I'm not trying to diminish it. I think we should try to do something. But that's not, you know, number one, two, three, four, five on the list of things that people ask about."

    2. Tobacco legislation likely to be folded into overall youth anti-drug legislation. President Clinton reacted as one might expect a President to react as he sees his major legislative initiative for the year going up in smoke -- along with $65 billion in new spending initiatives. Likely at the urging of his advisers, who have always appeared to be more to the left of Clinton on tobacco, the President turned up the political rhetoric and attacked the industry head-on at a special midday rose garden press conference -- attacks, which in the past, had been delegated to VP Gore, Domestic Policy Adviser Reed, or Chief of Staff Erskine Bowles:

    President Clinton: "For decades, we know from their own documents, the tobacco companies targeted children. And for decades, the tobacco industry, once again, seeks to put its bottom line above what should be our bottom line, the health of our children. In today's newspaper, the lead lobbyist for the tobacco industry says, and I quote, " We are fighting for our life." Well let me be clear; we are fighting for the lives of our children. We are fighting for the public health, and we are fighting the predatory practices by tobacco companies that have targeted our children."

    Unfortunately for the President, and something that both House Speaker Gingrich and Senate Majority leader Lott have picked up on, Americans, while eager to do something about teen smoking, are far more concerned about escalating drug use among teens, which parallels the rise in teen smoking incidence. That fact, combined with the industry's new public relations campaign that the McCain's bill will do nothing to reduce teen smoking, but will lead to bigger taxes, bigger government, and bigger payoffs to plaintiffs' lawyers, has clearly struck a chord among mainstream Republicans -- hence, Gingrich's move back to the right.

    It seems clear to us that Republicans, having established public positions that are just as tough on tobacco as Clinton, will now try to draft tobacco legislation that Republicans can actually take credit for, rather than Clinton. This strongly suggests that tobacco will be embedded in a Republican led initiative to reduce overall youth drug and tobacco use, which will effectively relegate tobacco to a minor role, since teen drug use is a far more potent issue politically than teen tobacco use. Without the industry's brute force and money pushing to make tobacco legislation happen, Clinton may have no choice but to call a tobacco summit to try to resurrect standalone tobacco legislation -- at which he would have to give Republicans political cover on liability provisions to get the tobacco industry back at the table. Perhaps that is what Speaker Gingrich had in mind all along.

    3. Can the tobacco deal be resurrected? While odds that the tobacco settlement will somehow be resurrected in a form acceptable to the industry remain very low, they are not zero -- particularly if President Clinton perceives that Republicans have found a way to beat back a huge tobacco excise tax increase while still doing something to combat teen smoking. The American public is clearly not obsessed with punishing the tobacco industry -- otherwise juries wouldn't keep ruling in the industry's favor at trials. The American public would, however, like Congress to do something that would get Johnny not to smoke.

    We have suggested in the past that the industry can afford a $550 - $600 billion tobacco deal, assuming it can put to rest the tens of thousands of potential lawsuits that would result from any tobacco settlement, given the multi-billion liability fund a settlement would create. The civil liability protections found in the June 20 agreement -- bans on class actions, consolidations, and punitive damages for past behavior, and liability caps limiting individual payments -- accompanied by a true $1.10/pack price increase to fund industry payments and penalties -- would likely have been acceptable to the industry. As we and other analysts have pointed out, the McCain tax bill is not a $1.10 tax hike -- it is at minimum a $1.43/pack tax hike with reasonable assumptions about volume declines during the first five years. The McCain bill is a $1.80/pack tax hike when lookback penalties are factored in.

    Our suggestions for the House, as it contemplates legislation that could bring the industry back to the table, and still be actionable:

  • $1.10/pack price increase. Draft legislation calling for a $1.10/pack increase over 10 years (Clinton's number), with payments that are adjusted if volumes fall. This would translate to a nominal settlement amount in the $550-$600 billion range, which we believe the industry could live with if it got most of the liability protections found in the June 20 agreement. Obviously, a $1.10/pack cigarette tax hike by itself would not bankrupt the tobacco industry -- but nor will it do much to reduce teen smoking rates. Recent empirical research released by Cornell University shows that a $1.10/pack tax hike proposed by the Administration in their annual budget would reduce teen smoking rates by just 10-12% - a far cry from the Administration's estimate of 42%. The Administration should keep in mind that if the industry has no vested interest in tobacco legislation, and does not voluntarily withdraw advertising or trademarks such as Marlboro Man, teen smoking rates are unlikely to fall. Without industry support, the price increase becomes a tax hike, which carries with it political baggage.

  • Reasonable lookback penalties. Lookback penalties are not deal killers as long as there are abatement procedures for the industry, and as long as they are capped, and not tied to attainment of youth smoking objectives that are beyond the industry's control. Unlike the Clean Air Act (42 USC 7401-7671), which many cite as precedent for levying lookback penalties, we believe that courts would find it unconstitutional to hold manufacturers responsible for illegal acts committed by retailers, where we can find no precedent. The Clean Air Act imposed fines directly on manufacturers who polluted. In this case, the government could, conceivably, convert lookback penalties to excise tax surcharges, that kick in if societal youth smoking targets are not met three, five, or ten years out. These, however, would again be tax increases, and regressive ones at that.

  • Limited liability protections. To get the industry's support to withdraw its advertising -- which, to us, is the single most effective way to reduce the allure of smoking to teens, shareholders have to be given some certainty -- some variant of the June 20 liability protections, or permission to spin off domestic tobacco subsidiaries without fraudulent conveyance risks, or some mechanism by which all class actions are removed to federal courts (which tend not to like them). The industry needs class action and consolidation protection for past behavior, but would, we believe, waive protections for future class actions. We also suspect the industry would forego protection for past punitive damages by individual plaintiffs, provided there is some aggregate punitive damages cap for individuals (such as $1.5 billion per year, as the McCain bill had before Gingrich was quoted saying that Clinton wouldn't get to the left of Gingrich on tobacco). Another way to get certainty is to settle all class actions and recoupment actions for past behavior, forego the annual liability caps ($6.5 billion in McCain's bill), and offer instead a compensation program through which individuals who can prove injury by tobacco would be compensated for their injuries based on a workers' compensation type model. In the end, we believe Congress will realize it has a vested interest in making sure that its actions do not bankrupt the industry . Bankruptcy would lead to teens buying cigarettes from black market dealers who would set up shop near schools to replace the convenience stores that would be legally exposed if they continued to sell cigarettes, since they too would be sued, as would suppliers, ad agencies, etc., after the tobacco industry files for Chapter 11. This chain reaction of vertical claims occurred in asbestos litigation.

  • Personal responsibility provision. We offer a novel idea that the vast majority of Americans would support, conservatives should like, and the attorney generals have been talking about for months: There should be a provision by which teens themselves are penalized if they are caught purchasing cigarettes -- which is illegal in every state. Beside being popular conceptually, a fine on teens caught buying cigarettes would effectively raise the all-in price of cigarettes to teens, but not for adults, which would avoid a black market. Assuming a teen got caught buying cigarettes every 100th time, and was fined $250, his average cost (assuming he pays $2.50/pack normally) would be $5.00/pack. Adults would still pay $2.50/pack.

  • Raise mandatory age to purchase cigarettes from 18 to 21. We would also raise the mandatory age at which one can buy cigarettes to 21, from 18, consistent with alcohol. The industry will likely kick and scream over this, but raising the minimum age at which teens can smoke would be an easy sell politically, and wouldn't cost the industry much in business.



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